Walking around the vehicle with another phone looking for bluetooth or wifi is a good first sweep. There aren't really many other practical 2-way methods to communicate
The latest UConnect is running Android. It is using the GPS location exactly like a large Android tablet. The only difference is that it has a GPS antenna dongle that is mounted to the roof of the cabin for optimal line of sight.
Disconnecting the cellular modem will stop all two-way data transmissions from Uconnect. That is if it is a separate module. In the case of GMC 2010+ the GPS module was part of the 4x4 board. Removing the OnStar GPS meant losing 4x4. So the workaround was a Faraday cage of 4 layers of aluminum foil of the entire control box below the dash.
In either case, disconnecting the GPS antenna and wrapping the eSIM-based cell modem in several layers of aluminum foil will do the trick. The GPS module will be unable to obtain positioning signal from the outside world. The eSIM will be unable to connect to a cell tower to initiate a data transmission. It's unknown what repercussions these changes might have on UConnect functionality.
The only way to get the data to leave the vehicle is for the client to pay for their monthly subscription in order to keep the eSIM activated and able to connect with the cell network. Much like an iPhone which uses similar eSIM if it has no active plan it cannot send and receive data.
OTA updates to UConnect work exactly the same as with any Android devices. They must be connected to a computer network. In this case, mobile hotspot or active eSIM. It is possible that the update was downloaded and then applied at a later time when the vehicle was no longer moving. How this works exactly must be documented somewhere in order to meet certain safety guidelines.
The other aspect of spying is scanning your car or phone's bluetooth ID and wifi MAC address along your route. Devices such as bluetoad (
https://www.iteris.com/products/travel-time/bluetoad) are scooping up electronic signals, creating profiles and fingerprints of people's locations.
Hope this is helpful.